Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Pre-Austronesian population | Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Keesing 1962: 1-2 |
Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21; Keesing 1962 |
(Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Keesing 1962: 6-7 |
Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.23; Keesing 1962 |
Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 0 | Keesing 1949 |
Distance to nearest continent (km) | 685 | Calculator 2014; Keesing 1949 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 121.2 | 2014; Keesing 1949 |
Latitude of culture’s location (°) | 18.1 | 2014; Keesing 1949 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Number of islands inhabited by culture | One | Keesing 1962: 1 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii) | Yumul et al. 2009: 732-733 |
Maximum elevation (meters) | 2930 | Luzon 2019 |
Island Size (km²) | 104688 | Luzon 2019 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 12000 | Keesing 1934: 86-87; of the Philippine Islands 1921: 898 |
Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 99 |
Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 99 |
Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Full polygyny (20% or more of married males) | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 99 |
Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 99 |
Estimated population of largest political community | 99 or fewer | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 99; Keesing 1962: 9 |
Political Authority | Absent, or restricted to a group no larger than the household | Keesing 1962 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
(No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.) | Keesing 1962: 3-5 |
(No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Common, at least every five years | Keesing 1962 |
(No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Common, at least every five years | Keesing 1962 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Metalworking | Present | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 99 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Animal husbandry as a source of food | Minor | Scheffler 1962: 6-7 |
Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 98 |
Land-based gathering | Medium | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 98 |
Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Medium | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 98 |
Agriculture / Horticulture | Principal (more important than any other source of food) | Scheffler 1962: 6-7 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Water-based gathering | Absent | Scheffler 1962: 6-7; Lebar (eds.) 1975: 98-99 |
Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Minor | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 98 |
Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 98 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Medium | Keesing 1962: 6-7 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Smart 1993: 333 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Language shift | Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.) | Eberhard et al. (eds.) 2020 |
Foreign education systems | Medium (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 25% of indigenous children received at least a basic non-indigenous education, but this figure never exceeded 75%.) | Eberhard et al. (eds.) 2020 |
Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Fiagoy 1987: 2 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.) | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 99 |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Sea port | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.) |
Question | Response | Source |
---|---|---|
Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | Fiagoy 1987: 2 |
Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force) | Fiagoy 1987: 2, 16 |