Ga'dang

• Traditional Culture (1965)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	Evidence of influence (Evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief.)	Wallace 2013: 9, 109
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21; Wallace 2013: 8-10, 92-104
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Wallace 2013: 27, 38-39
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: 2.23; Wallace 2013: 8-10, 92-104
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 100
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	812.3	Wallace 2013: 12-13

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	121.5	2014; Wallace 2013: 12-13
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	17.2	2014; Wallace 2013: 12-13

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Wallace 2013: 7-8

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii)	Yumul et al. 2009: 732-733
    Maximum elevation (meters)	2930	Luzon 2019
    Island Size (km²)	104688	Luzon 2019

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	2500	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 101
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Low (Matrilateral descent plays little or no role in determining social status and / or group membership.)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 101, 102
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Low (Patrilateral descent plays little or no role in determining social status and / or group membership.)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 101, 102
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Monogamy prescribed	Wallace 1969: 183
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Neolocal - separate from kin	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 101
    Kinship system (if applicable)	Eskimo	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 101-102
    Estimated population of largest political community	99 or fewer	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 101, 102

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Occasional, at least every generation	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 102; Wallace 2013: 80-81
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Occasional, at least every generation	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 102; Wallace 2013: 80-81

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Minor	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 101
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Wallace 1951: 55-56
    Land-based gathering	Minor	Wallace 2013: 55-56
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Wallace 2013: 55-56
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 101; Wallace 2013: 54-56

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Medium	Wallace 2013: 55-56
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Medium	Wallace 2013: 55
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Wallace 2013: 55-56

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Major	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 101; Wallace 2013: 55-56

• Post Contact History (1965-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.)	Wallace 2013: 11-112
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Wallace 2013: 112
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Wallace 2013: 8
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from Austronesian societies only (Resident foreign missionaries played an important role in the conversion process, but these missionaries were from other Austronesian societies only.)	Wallace 2013: 111

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Absent	Wallace 2013: 109-115, 110

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Language shift	Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.)	Wallace 2013: 70
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Wallace 2013: 70
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Wallace 2013: 48-49, 82-83

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)	Wallace 2013: 55-56, 60-62
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	Wallace 2013: 55-56

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.)	Wallace 2013: 48-49

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	Medium (The culture maintained some political autonomy throughout the post-contact period, but on at least one occasion during the post-contact period the culture entered into a political relationship with a foreign power that involved some loss of autonomy.)	Wallace 2013: 48-49, 82-83
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely voluntary (Autonomy was ceded either voluntarily or as a result of pressure from other members of the same culture, without the threat of external force being necessary.)	Wallace 2013: 48-49, 82-83