Futuna-Aniwa

• Traditional Culture (1866)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Absent: No evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Gunn 1914: 6-7
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: 2.21
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Capell 1958: 27
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: 2.23
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	24.7	Calculator 2014; Capell 1958: iii
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	1837	Calculator 2014; Capell 1958: iii

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	170.2	2014; Capell 1958: 1
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-19.5	2014; Capell 1958: 1

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	Two	Capell 1958: i

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii)	Capell 1958: III
    Maximum elevation (meters)	589	Capell 1958: III
    Island Size (km²)	10.7	2014

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	1000	McArthur 1981: 22
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Capell 1958: 8
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Capell 1958: 4, 8
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males)	Capell 1958: 20
    Kinship system (if applicable)	Dravidian	Hage 2001
    Estimated population of largest political community	100-999	McArthur 1967: 22; Capell 1958: 1-3
    Political Authority	Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups)	Capell 1958: 4

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.)	Capell 1958: 31-32
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	Capell 1958: 31-33
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Rare or never	Capell 1958: 31-34; Spriggs 1985

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Subsistence and Economy

    Question	Response	Source
    Metalworking	Absent	Bellwood et al. 1975

    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Medium	Capell 1958: 29
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Capell 1958: 29
    Land-based gathering	Major	Capell 1958: 29
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Capell 1958: 29
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Capell 1958: 29

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Medium	Gunn 1914: 197-198
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Humphreys 1926: 116; Capell 1958: 24-25; Gunn 1914: 197-198
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Major	Humphreys 1926: 116; Capell 1958: 24-25, 29; Gunn 1914: 197-198

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Absent	Capell 1958: 19-34

• Post Contact History (1866-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Primarily a top-down process.	Gunn 1914: 3-6, 12-13
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Gunn 1914
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Gunn 1914: 169
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Gunn 1914: xv

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.)	Fitzgerald 2009: 122-123
    Language shift	Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.)	Fitzgerald 2009: 123
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Gunn 1914: 159-173

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Low (Principal and major means of subsistence have not changed from their indigenous states.)	Fitzgerald 2009: 122
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present but minor (At one time or another exports were part of the local economy, but were never a primary focus of economic activity for more than 10% of the population .)	Fitzgerald 2009: 122

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access either to roads or motor vehicles.)	Fitzgerald 2009: 122
    Air travel	Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.)	Fitzgerald 2009: 122
    Sea port	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.)	Agency 2009: 180