Cheke Holo

• Traditional Culture (1900)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	White 1991: 82-84, 93-94
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: 2.21
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	White 1991: 83-84
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: 2.23
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	White 1991: 23
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	1702	2014; Tryon and Hackman 1983: 23

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	159.6	2014; Tryon and Hackman 1983: 23
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-8.3	2014; Tryon and Hackman 1983: 23

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	Two	White 1991: 22-23

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii)	Laracy 2020
    Maximum elevation (meters)	1219	Clark 2008: 64
    Island Size (km²)	4660	Clark 2008: 64

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	White 1991: 33
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Low (Patrilateral descent plays little or no role in determining social status and / or group membership.)	White 1991: 33
    Political Authority	Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups)	White 1991

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	White 1991: 82-83, 89
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	White 1991: 89

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Subsistence and Economy

    Question	Response	Source
    Metalworking	Absent	Bellwood et al. 1975

    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Absent	White 1991: 21-23
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	White 1991: 21
    Land-based gathering	Medium	White 1991: 21
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Medium	White 1991: 21
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	White 1991: 21-23

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Minor	White 1991: 21, 23, 89
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	White 1991: 21, 23, 89
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	White 1991: 21, 23, 89

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Medium	White 1991: 21-23, 33, 40

• Post Contact History (1900-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Primarily a top-down process.	White 1991: 95
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	White 1991: 81-130
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	White 1991: 95, 136
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from Austronesian societies only (Resident foreign missionaries played an important role in the conversion process, but these missionaries were from other Austronesian societies only.)	White 1991: 81-130, 93

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Present, but did not survive to the present-day	White 1991: 81-130; Government 2009

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.)	Government 2009: 35
    Language shift	Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.)	Government 2009: 32
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Government 2009: 28, 30
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	White 1991: 183-208

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)	Government 2009: 39
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	White 1991: 35, 254; 2016

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access either to roads or motor vehicles.)
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	Medium (The culture maintained some political autonomy throughout the post-contact period, but on at least one occasion during the post-contact period the culture entered into a political relationship with a foreign power that involved some loss of autonomy.)	White 1991: 183-208
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely voluntary (Autonomy was ceded either voluntarily or as a result of pressure from other members of the same culture, without the threat of external force being necessary.)	White 1991: 183-208