Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | Evidence of influence (Evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief.) | Cole 1956: 126; Cullon 1968: 18 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, but culture is likely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Edgerton 1993: 52, 54 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.23; Cole 1956: 126 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 0 | Cole 1956: 15 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 1731 | Calculator 2014; Cole 1956: 15 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 125 | 2014; Cole 1956: 15 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | 8.2 | 2014; Cole 1956: 15 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | One | Cole 1956: 15 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan) | Yumul et al. 2009: 732-733 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 2954 | Mindanao 2016 |
| Island Size (km²) | 94630 | Mindanao 2016 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 13000 | Cole 1956: 14 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Edgerton 1993: 53 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Edgerton 1993: 53 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males) | Cole 1956: 75 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Neolocal - separate from kin | Edgerton 1993: 54 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 100-999 | |
| Political Authority | Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups) | Cole 1956: 79-80 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Low (Conflict seldom occurs, and is almost never violent.) | Cole 1956: 79-88; Edgerton 1993: 54 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Frequent, occurring at least yearly | Edgerton 1993: 54 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Frequent, occurring at least yearly | Cole 1956: 82; Edgerton 1993: 54 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Metalworking | Present | Cole 1956: 45 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Medium | Cole 1956: 51, 56 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Minor | Cole 1956: 45-48, 51, 56 |
| Land-based gathering | Major | Cole 1956: 45, 56 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Minor | Cole 1956: 45-48, 51, 56 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Major (one of the most important sources of food) | Cole 1956: 45, 56 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Medium | Cole 1956: 45, 56 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Minor | Cole 1956: 45, 48-51, 56 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Minor | Cole 1956: 45, 48-51, 56 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Minor | Cole 1956: 45 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | Cole 1956: 14 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Edgerton 1993: 54-55 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Cole 1956: 8; Edgerton 1993: 52 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | High (Replacement-level immigration occurred. At one time or another during the post-contact period the immigrant culture had a population size more than 100% of that of the indigenous population.) | Lebar (eds.) 1975: 39; Edgerton 1993: 53 |
| Language shift | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period, a foreign language became the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population.) | Edgerton 1993: 52 |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Cairns 1997: 41 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Edgerton 1993: 52-53, 54 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.) | |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.) | Edgerton 1993: 53; Cairns 1997: 40-41 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | Edgerton 1993: 52-53, 54 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely voluntary (Autonomy was ceded either voluntarily or as a result of pressure from other members of the same culture, without the threat of external force being necessary.) | Cole 1956: 16 |