Berawan

• Traditional Culture (1950)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, but culture is likely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21; Metcalf 1982
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Metcalf 1976
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.23; Metcalf 1982
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Metcalf 1976: 86, 93-97
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	1086.5	Calculator 2014; Ethnologue 2014

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	114.5	2014: 86; Metcalf 1976
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	3.8	2014; Metcalf 1976

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Metcalf 1976: 86

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan)	Shelf 2016
    Maximum elevation (meters)	4101	Borneo 2019
    Island Size (km²)	755000	Borneo 2019

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	1600	Metcalf 1976: 88
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Huntington and Metcalf 1979: 133; Metcalf 1982: 16
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Huntington and Metcalf 1979: 133; Metcalf 1982: 16
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Full polygyny (20% or more of married males)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 170
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Ambilocal - with either wife's or husband's kin	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 1972
    Kinship system (if applicable)	Eskimo	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 170-171
    Estimated population of largest political community	100-999	Metcalf 1976: 88; Huntington and Metcalf 1979: 133
    Political Authority	Absent, or restricted to a group no larger than the household	Huntington and Metcalf 1979; Hughes 1937

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Low (Conflict seldom occurs, and is almost never violent.)	Metcalf 1982: 13-19
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Rare or never	Metcalf 1976; Metcalfe 1987: 250-251
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Rare or never	Metcalf 1976; Metcalfe 1987: 250-251

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Medium	Metcalf 1982: 16
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Major	Metcalf 1982: 13
    Land-based gathering	Medium	Metcalf 1982: 13-16
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Major	Metcalf 1982: 13
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Metcalf 1982: 13

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Absent	Metcalf 1982: 13-16
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Medium	Metcalf 1982: 16
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Metcalf 1982: 16

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Absent	Metcalf 1982: 15-16

• Post Contact History (1950-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.)	Metcalf 2002: 113-114
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Metcalf 2002: 31, 112-115
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Metcalf 1982: 18; Metcalf 2002: 31
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Metcalf 2002: 112

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Present, but did not survive to the present-day	Metcalf 2002: 31, 113, 142

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Medium (Replacement-level immigration occurred. The immigrant culture had a population size more than 50% of that of the indigenous population at one time or another, but this figure never exceeded 100%.)	Ghimire et al. (eds.) 1997: 110; Metcalf 1982: 13
    Language shift	Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.)	Eberhard et al. (eds.) 2020
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Ghimire et al. (eds.) 1997: 110; Metcalf 2002: 25

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)	Metcalf 2002: 126-127
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	Metcalf 1982: 16

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.)	Metcalf 2002: 127
    Air travel	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to an airport or airstrip.)	Metcalf 2002: 109-137
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)	Agency 2009: 164; Metcalf 2002: 27

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Ghimire et al. (eds.) 1997: 110; Metcalf 2002
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force)