Ajie

• Traditional Culture (1902)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Absent: No evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Winslow 1991: 7
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Riesenfeld 1950: 543
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.23
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Winslow 1991: 7
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	1345	Calculator 2014; Winslow 1991: 7

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	165.6	2014; Winslow 1991: 7
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-21.3	2014; Winslow 1991: 7

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Winslow 1991: 7

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan)	Murienne et al. 2005: 2
    Maximum elevation (meters)	1618	Clark 2008: 64
    Island Size (km²)	16750	Clark 2008: 64

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	1500	Winslow 1991: 7; Shineberg 1983
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Clifford 1982: 41, 87-88
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Clifford 1982: 41, 87-88
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males)	Winslow 1991: 8-9
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin	Clifford 1982: 41
    Political Authority	Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups)	Clifford 1982: 41

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.)	Naepels 1998: 192-197
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	Clifford 1982: 41
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Occasional, at least every generation	Clifford 1982: 41

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Subsistence and Economy

    Question	Response	Source
    Metalworking	Absent	Bellwood et al. 1975

    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Absent	Winslow 1991: 7-8
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Patouillet 1873: 106
    Land-based gathering	Medium	Patouillet 1873: 101; Winslow 1991: 7-8
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Absent	Patouillet 1873: 106
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Patouillet 1873: 101; Winslow 1991: 7-8

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Medium	Winslow 1991: 7
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Medium	Winslow 1991: 7
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Major	Winslow 1991: 8

• Post Contact History (1902-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Primarily a top-down process.	Dauphiné 1999: 116-119
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Dauphiné 1999: 111-127
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Lenormand 1953: 253-254; Winslow 1991: 9
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Naepels 1998: 42-43; Winslow 1991: 9

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Absent	Dauphiné 1999: 111-127

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Medium (Replacement-level immigration occurred. The immigrant culture had a population size more than 50% of that of the indigenous population at one time or another, but this figure never exceeded 100%.)	Poret 2007: 62; Winslow 1991: 8
    Language shift	Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.)	Poret 2007: 63-64
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Agency 2013
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Agency 2013; Lenormand 1953: 255

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	High (No indigenous means of subsistence has remained major or principal.)	Winslow 1991: 8
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	Winslow 1991: 8

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.)
    Air travel	Present and long-distance (At one time or another, most members of the culture had access to international air travel.)
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Agency 2013; Lenormand 1953: 255
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Partly voluntary (e.g. Autonomy was ceded voluntarily but under duress; some communities ceded their autonomy voluntarily but others were forced to do so by an foreign power.)	Naepels 1998: 39-40