Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Scheffler 1965: 14-24 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Scheffler 1965 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 0 | Scheffler 1965: 8 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 1520 | Scheffler 1965: 8 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 156.7 | Scheffler 1965: 8 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | -6.8 | 2014; Scheffler 1965: 8 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | One | Scheffler 1965: 1-3 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii) | McLatchey et al. 2005: 213 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 1060 | McLatchey et al. 2005: 213 |
| Island Size (km²) | 3086 | McLatchey et al. 2005: 215 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 1000 | Scheffler 1965: 6-7; McDonald 2009: 7-8 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Scheffler 1965: 180-181 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.) | Scheffler 1965: 85, 118 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin | Scheffler 1991: 39 |
| Kinship system (if applicable) | Hawaiian | Scheffler 1991: 39 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 100-999 | |
| Political Authority | Absent, or restricted to a group no larger than the household | Scheffler 1965; Hughes 1937 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.) | Scheffler 1965: 220 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Common, at least every five years | Scheffler 1965 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Common, at least every five years | Scheffler 1965: 89-91, 216-239 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Metalworking | Absent | Bellwood et al. 1975 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Minor | Scheffler 1965: 5; Scheffler 1991: 38 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Scheffler 1965: 4-5; Scheffler 1991: 38 |
| Land-based gathering | Major | Scheffler 1965: 9 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Minor | Scheffler 1965: 38; 4-5 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Principal (more important than any other source of food) | Scheffler 1965: 9-11; Scheffler 1991: 38 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Minor | Scheffler 1965: 9 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Minor | Scheffler 1965: 5 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Minor | Scheffler 1965: 5 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Absent | Scheffler 1965: 9-14 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process? | Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.) | Scheffler 1965: 44 |
| Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | McDonald 2009 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | McDonald 2009: 44 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | McDonald 2009: 45 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Absent | Scheffler 1965: 1-38 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.) | Mataki et al. 2013: 11; Rowling et al. 1995: 618 |
| Language shift | Low (The indigenous language remained the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population for the duration of the post-contact period.) | McLatchey et al. 2005: 220; Mataki et al. 2013: 11 |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Doromolovo 2009: 35 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, but of low importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period, the culture was subject to a foreign government system, but this government system never controlled most important decisions.) | Mataki et al. 2013: 12 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.) | Mataki et al. 2013: 30 |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.) | McLatchey et al. 2005: 233; Lipsett-Moore et al. 2010: 6 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access either to roads or motor vehicles.) | Lipsett-Moore et al. 2010: 6; Mataki et al. 2013: 31 |
| Air travel | Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.) | McLatchey et al. 2005: 224 |
| Sea port | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.) | Lipsett-Moore et al. 2010: 6 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | Medium (The culture maintained some political autonomy throughout the post-contact period, but on at least one occasion during the post-contact period the culture entered into a political relationship with a foreign power that involved some loss of autonomy.) | Mataki et al. 2013: 12; Scheffler 1964: 399 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force) | Scheffler 1965: 19-20 |