Pohnpei

• Traditional Culture (1853)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Absent: No evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Dobbin 2011: 70-103, 81
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: 2.21
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Dobbin 2011: 81
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: 2.23
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	156.7	Calculator 2014; 2014
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	2603	Hanlon 1991: 267

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	158.2	2014; Hanlon 1991: 267
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	6.9	2014; Hanlon 1991: 267

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Hanlon 1991: 267

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii)	Hanlon 1991: 267
    Maximum elevation (meters)	778	Hanlon 1991: 267
    Island Size (km²)	336.7	Hanlon 1991: 267

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	10000	Hanlon 1991: 267
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Hanlon 1988: 39
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Low (Patrilateral descent plays little or no role in determining social status and / or group membership.)	Hanlon 1988: 39
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males)	Hanlon 1991: 268-269
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin	Hanlon 1991: 269
    Kinship system (if applicable)	Crow	Hanlon 1991: 269
    Estimated population of largest political community	1,000-9,999	Hanlon 1988: 39; Hanlon 1984: 267
    Political Authority	Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups)	Hanlon 1988: 39-40

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	High (Conflict is frequent and often violent, but is not a pervasive aspect of daily life.)
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Common, at least every five years	Hanlon 1988: 44
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Occasional, at least every generation	Hanlon 1988: 3-86

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Medium	Christian 1899: 73
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Christian 1899: 125
    Land-based gathering	Medium	Murrill 1948: 155
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Major (one of the most important sources of food)	Murrill 1948: 155; Christian 1899: 73

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Major	Christian 1899: 73
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Medium	Christian 1899: 73, 126-127
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Major	Christian 1899: 73, 126-127

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Medium	Hanlon 1991: 268

• Post Contact History (1853-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.)	Hezel 1982: 142-158, 143, 156
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Hanlon 1984
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Machiko 2002: 90; Hanlon 1991: 269
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Hanlon 1984: 41

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	High (Replacement-level immigration occurred. At one time or another during the post-contact period the immigrant culture had a population size more than 100% of that of the indigenous population.)	Hanlon 1988: 206
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Foster 2020
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Petersen 1990: 7

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)	Foster 2020
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present but minor (At one time or another exports were part of the local economy, but were never a primary focus of economic activity for more than 10% of the population .)	Foster 2020; Hanlon 1991: 268

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.)	Foster 2020
    Air travel	Present and long-distance (At one time or another, most members of the culture had access to international air travel.)	2016
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)	Foster 2020

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Petersen 1990: 7
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force)	Hanlon 1988: 144-145, 206; Petersen 1990: 7