Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Hicks 2004: 4-5, 7 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, but culture is likely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Hicks 1972: 4 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Hicks 2004: 4-13, 4 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Hicks 2004: 4 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 0 | Hicks 2004: 14 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 497 | Calculator 2014; Hicks 2004: 14 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 125.2 | 2014; Hicks 2004: 14 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | -9.3 | 2014; Hicks 2004: 14 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | One | Hicks 1972: 98; Hicks 2004: 14 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Tectonic (an oceanic island formed by tectonic uplift, e.g. Macquarie Island) | Fox 2003: 2 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 2963 | 2010 |
| Island Size (km²) | 30459 | 2010 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 150000 | Hicks 2004: 13 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Hicks 1972: 100 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Hicks 1972: 100 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males) | Hicks 1972: 100 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin | Hicks 1972: 101 |
| Political Authority | Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups) | Hicks 2004: 14-16 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.) | Hicks 2004: 83. 140 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Rare or never | Hicks 2004: 4-13, 87 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Occasional, at least every generation | Hicks 2004: 4-13 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Medium | Hicks 1972: 99; Hicks 2004: 57 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Minor | Hicks 1972: 99; Hicks 2004: 53 |
| Land-based gathering | Medium | Hicks 1972: 99; Hicks 2004: 53 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Absent | Hicks 1972: 99; Hicks 2004: 53 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Principal (more important than any other source of food) | Hicks 1972: 99; Hicks 2004: 53 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Medium | Hicks 1972: 99; Hicks 2004: 53 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Medium | Hicks 1972: 99; Hicks 2004: 53, 60 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Hicks 1972: 99; Hicks 2004: 53, 60 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Minor | Hicks 2004: 57-58; Ormeling 1957: 116 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process? | Primarily a top-down process, although inroads had already been made with the general population. | |
| Use of force in conversion | Medium (e.g force was threatened or implied during the conversion process; some communities agreed to conversion but others were forced to convert) | Fox 1996: 13; Arenas 1998: 138 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Hockings 1993: 276 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Hicks 2004: 4 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Absent |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | Low (Replacement-level immigration occurred. The immigrant culture had a population size more than 10% of that of the indigenous culture at one time or another, but this figure never exceeded 50%.) | Hull 2003: 31-32 |
| Language shift | Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.) | Ramos-Horta 2012: 2; Fox 1996: 21; Jones 2003: 48 |
| Foreign education systems | Medium (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 25% of indigenous children received at least a basic non-indigenous education, but this figure never exceeded 75%.) | Bouma et al. (eds.) 2010: 54 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Hicks 2004: 10-13, 140 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.) | |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present but minor (At one time or another exports were part of the local economy, but were never a primary focus of economic activity for more than 10% of the population .) | Pedersen and Arneberg 1999: 42-43; Hicks 2004: 53, 56-57; Ormeling 1957: 171-179 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Present but rarely used (At no time during the post-contact period were motor vehicles used by a substantial portion of the population, but at one time or another most members of population had access to roads suitable for motor vehicles.) | |
| Air travel | Present and long-distance (At one time or another, most members of the culture had access to international air travel.) | |
| Sea port | Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.) |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | Hicks 2004: 10-13, 140; Fox 1996: 8-9 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force) | Hicks 2004: 8-9; 10-13, 140 |