Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | McKinnon 1991: 4-7 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: 2.21 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Koentjaraningrat. 1972: 113 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.23; Koentjaraningrat. 1972: 113 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 85.7 | Calculator 2014; McKinnon 1991: 6 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 336 | Calculator 2014; McKinnon 1991: 6 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 131.5 | 2014; McKinnon 1991: 6 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | -7.5 | 2014; McKinnon 1991: 6 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | Four or more | McKinnon 1991: 6 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Tectonic (an oceanic island formed by tectonic uplift, e.g. Macquarie Island) | Van Dijke 1987: xii |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 120 | Jepson et al. 2001: 226 |
| Island Size (km²) | 3263 | Jepson et al. 2001: 225 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 20000 | McKinnon 1991: 10 (Note 7) |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Low (Matrilateral descent plays little or no role in determining social status and / or group membership.) | Koentjaraningrat. 1972: 113 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.) | Koentjaraningrat. 1972: 113 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Monogamy preferred, but exceptional cases of polygyny | Koentjaraningrat. 1972: 113 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin | Koentjaraningrat 1972: 113 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 1,000-9,999 | Van Wouden 1968: 31; Koentjaraningrat. 1972: 112 |
| Political Authority | Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups) | Koentjaraningrat. 1972: 113 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.) | McKinnon 1991: 64 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Frequent, occurring at least yearly | McKinnon 1991: 7-8 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Common, at least every five years | McKinnon 1991: 4-8 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Metalworking | Present | Koentjaraningrat. 1972: 112 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Minor | Koentjaraningrat. 1972: 112 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Koentjaraningrat. 1972: 112 |
| Land-based gathering | Medium | Koentjaraningrat. 1972: 112 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Medium | Koentjaraningrat. 1972: 112 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Principal (more important than any other source of food) | Koentjaraningrat. 1972: 112 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Major | |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Major | Koentjaraningrat. 1972: 112 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Major | Koentjaraningrat. 1972: 112 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Medium | Koentjaraningrat. 1972: 113 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | McKinnon 1991: 8 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | McKinnon 1991: 8; Koentjaraningrat. 1972: 114 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | McKinnon 1991: 8 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Absent | McKinnon 1991: 3-12 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Language shift | Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.) | Eberhard et al. (eds.) 2020 |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | McKinnon 1991: 10 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | McKinnon 1991: 10 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.) | McKinnon 1991: 10 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | McKinnon 1991: 8, 10-11 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force) | McKinnon 1991: 8 |