Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Absent: No evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Beaglehole 1938: 5 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: 2.21 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Occasional but not often (e.g. once in a generation) | Beaglehole 1938: 5, 375-410, 393-394, 400-410 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: 2.23 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 525.4 | Calculator 2014; Beaglehole 1938: 17, 384-385 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 5233 | Calculator 2014; Beaglehole 1938: 17 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | -165.8 | 2014; Beaglehole 1938: 17 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | -10.9 | 2014; Beaglehole 1938: 17 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | One | Beaglehole 1938: 17, 384-385 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Atoll (an oceanic low island of coral origin, e.g. Ulithi) | Beaglehole 1938: 17 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 30 | 2017 |
| Island Size (km²) | 1.3 | 2017 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 500 | Beaglehole 1938: 12; Borofsky 1991: 270 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Beaglehole 1938: 219; Borofsky 1991: 171 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.) | Beaglehole 1938: 219; Borofsky 1991: 272 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Monogamy prescribed | Borofsky 1991: 271 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin | Borofsky 1991: 272 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 100-999 | Beaglehole 1938: 12, 234 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.) | Beaglehole 1938: 373-374 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Rare or never | Beaglehole 1938: 373-374 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Rare or never | Beaglehole 1938: 373 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Minor | Beaglehole 1938: 104-107 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Absent | Beaglehole 1938: 104-107 |
| Land-based gathering | Major | Beaglehole 1938: 81-83, 99, 104 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Absent | Beaglehole 1938: 104-107 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Major (one of the most important sources of food) | Beaglehole 1938: 25, 95, 81-83, 99, 104 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Medium | Beaglehole 1938: 95, 104 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Major | Beaglehole 1938: 48-49, 55-70, 95 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Beaglehole 1938: 48, 54-59, 95 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Major | Beaglehole 1938: 90-91 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | Salisbury 2012 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Beaglehole 1938: 5; Borofsky 1991: 272 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from Austronesian societies only (Resident foreign missionaries played an important role in the conversion process, but these missionaries were from other Austronesian societies only.) | Salisbury 2012: 491-492 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.) | |
| Language shift | Medium (The indigenous language remained an important means of communication for the duration of the post-contact period, but at one time or another the indigenous population used a non-indigenous language to roughly the same extent.) | Eberhard et al. (eds.) 2020 |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Foster et al. 2012 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Beaglehole 1938: 5-6, 270 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.) | 2017 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicles and roads | Present but rarely used (At no time during the post-contact period were motor vehicles used by a substantial portion of the population, but at one time or another most members of population had access to roads suitable for motor vehicles.) | 2014; Foster et al. 2012 |
| Air travel | Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.) | Foster et al. 2012 |
| Sea port | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.) | Foster et al. 2012 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | Medium (The culture maintained some political autonomy throughout the post-contact period, but on at least one occasion during the post-contact period the culture entered into a political relationship with a foreign power that involved some loss of autonomy.) | Beaglehole 1938: 5-6; Borofsky 1991: 270 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely voluntary (Autonomy was ceded either voluntarily or as a result of pressure from other members of the same culture, without the threat of external force being necessary.) | Beaglehole 1938: 5-6 |