Nuaulu

• Traditional Culture (1970)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Ellen 2014: 72
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	Evidence of influence (Evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21; Ellen 1983: 3-4
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Ellen 2002: 294
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	Evidence of influence (Evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief.)	Ellen 2002: 289; Ellen 2014: 72
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Ellen 2014: 2-3
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	918	Calculator 2014; Ellen 2014: 18

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	129	2014; Ellen 2014: 18
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-3.2	2014; Ellen 2014: 18

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Ellen 2014: xviv

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan)	De Jong 1998: 317-318
    Maximum elevation (meters)	3019	2013
    Island Size (km²)	17148	2013

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	500	Ellen 2014: 19-21
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Ellen 2014: 17-25
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Ellen 2014: 17-25
    Estimated population of largest political community	100-999	Ellen 2014: 17-25, 42-44
    Political Authority	Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups)	Ellen 2014: 17-25, 42-44

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Occasional, at least every generation	Ellen 2002; Ellen 2014: 21
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Occasional, at least every generation	Ellen 2002; Ellen 2014: 21

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Minor	Ellen 1977: 52
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Major	Ellen 1977: 52-53
    Land-based gathering	Major	Ellen 1977: 52, 65
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Major	Ellen 1977: 52-53
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Ellen 1977: 52, 65

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Absent	Ellen 1977
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Medium	Ellen 1977: 52-53
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Ellen 1977: 52-53

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Absent	Ellen 1977

• Post Contact History (1970-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)
    Adoption of a world religion	Present but minor (At one time or another during the post-contact period more than 5% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion, but this figure never exceeded 25%.)	Ellen 2014: 292

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Absent	Ellen 2014: 5

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Language shift	Low (The indigenous language remained the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population for the duration of the post-contact period.)	Eberhard et al. (eds.) 2020
    Foreign education systems	Low (At no time during the post-contact period did more than 25% of indigenous children receive a basic non-indigenous education.)	Ellen 2014: 21
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Ellen 2014: 21

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	Ellen 2002: 282

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.)	Ellen 2002; Ellen 2014: 21-22
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)	Agency 2009: 166; Ellen 2002

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	Low (The cultural remained politically autonomous throughout the post-contact period.) (Skip to Q.71)	Ellen 2014: 5, 21
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely voluntary (Autonomy was ceded either voluntarily or as a result of pressure from other members of the same culture, without the threat of external force being necessary.)