Ngaju

• Traditional Culture (1932)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Scharer 1963: 2
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	Evidence of influence (Evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief.)	Scharer 1963: 13; Baier 2007
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Scharer 1963: 2
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	Evidence of influence (Evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief.)	Baier 2007
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Knapen 2001: 87
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	950.1	Calculator 2014; of Kalimantan). 2014

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	114	2014; Knapen 2001: 87
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-1.7	2014; Knapen 2001: 87

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Scharer 1963: 1

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan)	Quek 2009: 112
    Maximum elevation (meters)	4095	Quek 2009: 112
    Island Size (km²)	740000	Quek 2009: 111

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	50000	Scharer 1963: 2
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 188
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 188
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males)	Miles 1970
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Neolocal - separate from kin	Miles 1970: 308
    Estimated population of largest political community	100-999	Miles 1970; Scharer 1963: 39-119
    Political Authority	Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups)	Miles 1970; Scharer 1963: 39-119

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Rare or never	Knapen 2001: 86-88
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Rare or never	Knapen 2001: 86-88

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Minor	Miles 1970
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Miles 1970; Miles 1976: 29-32
    Land-based gathering	Medium	Miles 1976: 29-33
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Miles 1976: 29-32
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Miles 1970

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Minor	Miles 1976: 29-32
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Miles 1976: 29-32
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Miles 1970; Miles 1976: 29-32

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Major	Miles 1970; Miles 1976: 31-32

• Post Contact History (1932-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.)	Baier 2007; Miles 1976: 105
    Use of force in conversion	Medium (e.g force was threatened or implied during the conversion process; some communities agreed to conversion but others were forced to convert)	Baier 2007
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Schiller 1997: 23; Baier 2007
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Scharer 1963: 2

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Present, and survived to the present day	Baier 2007

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	High (Replacement-level immigration occurred. At one time or another during the post-contact period the immigrant culture had a population size more than 100% of that of the indigenous population.)	Schiller 1997: 23; Miles 1976: 1, 115-117
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Miles 1976: 125
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Schiller 1997: 139

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	Scharer 1963

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present but rarely used (At no time during the post-contact period were motor vehicles used by a substantial portion of the population, but at one time or another most members of population had access to roads suitable for motor vehicles.)	Schiller 1997: 16
    Air travel	Present, local only (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to international air travel, but at one time or another most members of the culture had access to domestic air travel.)	Schiller 1997: 14
    Sea port	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.)	Schiller 1997: 14-16

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Schiller 1997: 132-147; Miles 1976: 102-124
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force)	Schiller 1997: 132-147; Miles 1976: 102-124