Pulotu
Database of Austronesian Religions
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Austronesian population | Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement | Bellwood 1995: 109 |
| Christian influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Held 1957: 18-21 |
| Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.) | Cribb 2000: Map 2.21 |
| (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787) | Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years) | Held 1957: 10-11 |
| Islamic influence on supernatural belief | No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.) | Held 1957: 15 |
| Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km) | 0 | Held 1957: 8 |
| Distance to nearest continent (km) | 938 | Calculator 2014; Asher (eds.) 2007: Map 34 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude of culture’s location (°) | 136.5 | 2014; Asher (eds.) 2007: 135 |
| Latitude of culture’s location (°) | -2.3 | 2014; Asher (eds.) 2007: 135 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Number of islands inhabited by culture | Three | Held 1957: 8; Asher (eds.) 2007: Map 34 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown) | Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan) | F. and Allen 2004 |
| Maximum elevation (meters) | 4884 | 2019 |
| Island Size (km²) | 821400 | 2019 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus | 7000 | Held 1957: 24-25 |
| Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2) | Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.) | Held 1957: 47-65 |
| Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2) | High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.) | Held 1957: 45-85 |
| Polygamy (SCCS 861) | Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males) | Held 1957: 123 |
| Marital residence (SCCS 69) | Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin | Held 1957: 62 |
| Estimated population of largest political community | 100-999 | Held 1957: 24-25, 45-85 |
| Political Authority | Sublocal (encompasses a group larger than the household but smaller than the local community) | Held 1957: 45-87 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767) | Endemic (Conflict is frequent, is often violent, and is a pervasive aspect of daily life, e.g. feuding). | Held 1957: 45-85, 198-233 |
| (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773) | Frequent, occurring at least yearly | Held 1957: 198-233 |
| (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774) | Frequent, occurring at least yearly | Held 1957: 2, 18-21, 198-233 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Metalworking | Absent | Held 1957: 15 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Animal husbandry as a source of food | Minor | Held 1957: 10, 322-370 |
| Land-based hunting performed by individuals | Minor | Held 1957: 10, 352 |
| Land-based gathering | Major | Held 1957: 10, 345-350 |
| Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Minor | Held 1957: 10, 352 |
| Agriculture / Horticulture | Minor (forms a relatively insignificant part of diet) | Held 1957: 10, 346-351 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Water-based gathering | Major | Held 1957: 10, 345-346 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups | Minor | Held 1957: 10, 342-346 |
| Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals | Medium | Held 1957: 10, 342-346 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Trade / wage labour as a source of food | Medium | Held 1957: 10-11, 322-324, 350 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Use of force in conversion | Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture) | Held 1957: 20-22 |
| Adoption of a world religion | Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.) | Held 1957: 22 |
| Resident missionary involvement in conversion process | Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.) | Held 1957: 20-21 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Syncretic religious movements | Absent | Held 1957: 15-22 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Replacement-level immigration | Medium (Replacement-level immigration occurred. The immigrant culture had a population size more than 50% of that of the indigenous population at one time or another, but this figure never exceeded 100%.) | Mollet 2011 |
| Language shift | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period, a foreign language became the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population.) | Walker 1993: 77 |
| Foreign education systems | High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.) | Mollet 2011 |
| Foreign government systems | Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.) | Held 1957: 22 |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in means of subsistence | Low (Principal and major means of subsistence have not changed from their indigenous states.) | |
| Exportation of goods to other cultures | Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.) |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Sea port | Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.) |
| Question | Response | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of autonomy during postcontact period | High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.) | Held 1957: 20-22 |
| Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced | Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force) | Held 1957: 20-22 |