Nage

• Traditional Culture (1906)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	Evidence of influence (Evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief.)	Forth 1998; Erb 1991: 116
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, but culture is likely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: 2.21; Forth 1998
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 84
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: 2.23; Forth 2001: 15-16
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Forth 1998: Map 1
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	761	Calculator 2014; Forth 1998: Map 1

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	121.2	2014; Forth 1998: xii
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-8.7	2014; Forth 1998: xii

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Forth 1998: 2

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Tectonic (an oceanic island formed by tectonic uplift, e.g. Macquarie Island)	Morwood et al. 2009: 438
    Maximum elevation (meters)	2400	Morwood et al. 2009: 438
    Island Size (km²)	13500	Morwood et al. 2009: 438

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	30000	Forth 1994
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Forth 1998: 5-7, 17
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Forth 1998: 5-7, 17
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males)	Forth 1998: 17
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin	Forth 1998: 7
    Estimated population of largest political community	100-999	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 84; Forth 1998: 5
    Political Authority	Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups)	Forth 1998: 5-18

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.)
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Rare or never	Forth 1998: 15, 21
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Common, at least every five years	Forth 1998: 15, 21

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Medium	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 84; Forth 1998: 2
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 84; Forth 1998: 2
    Land-based gathering	Medium	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 84
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Medium	Forth 1998: 2; Forth 2001: 16
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 84; Forth 1998: 2

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Absent	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 84; Forth 1998: 2
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 84
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 84

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Medium	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 84

• Post Contact History (1906-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Use of force in conversion	Medium (e.g force was threatened or implied during the conversion process; some communities agreed to conversion but others were forced to convert)	Forth 1998: 18-19
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Forth 2001: 20-21
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Forth 1998: 18

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Absent	Forth 1998: 18-22

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Language shift	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period, a foreign language became the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population.)	Forth 1998: 22-23
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Forth 1998: 20, 20-21; Mohamad et al. 2021
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 85; Forth 1998: 3

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Low (Principal and major means of subsistence have not changed from their indigenous states.)
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present but minor (At one time or another exports were part of the local economy, but were never a primary focus of economic activity for more than 10% of the population .)	Forth 2001: 17

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.)	Forth 1998: 20-21

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Lebar (eds.) 1972: 84