Laboya

• Traditional Culture (1983)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 12
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, but culture is likely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 8-10
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 4, 12
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 2
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	825	Calculator 2014; Geirnaert-Martin 1992: Map 2: West Sumba

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	119.4	2014; Geirnaert-Martin 1992: Map 2: West Sumba
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-9.7	2014; Geirnaert-Martin 1992: Map 2: West Sumba

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 1, Map 2

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Tectonic (an oceanic island formed by tectonic uplift, e.g. Macquarie Island)	Vel 2008: 24
    Maximum elevation (meters)	1220	2016
    Island Size (km²)	11153	2016

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	12000	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 12
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 16-19
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 16-19
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin	Geirnaert 1989: 446
    Political Authority	Absent, or restricted to a group no larger than the household	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 1-32, 193-227

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	High (Conflict is frequent and often violent, but is not a pervasive aspect of daily life.)	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 29
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Rare or never	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 3
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Rare or never	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 3

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Subsistence and Economy

    Question	Response	Source
    Metalworking	Absent	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 16-32

    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Medium	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 19
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Absent	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 19-20
    Land-based gathering	Absent	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 16-32
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 19-20
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 19

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Minor	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 19-20
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 19-20
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 19-20

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Medium	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 5-6, 8-10

• Post Contact History (1983-1983)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Use of force in conversion	Medium (e.g force was threatened or implied during the conversion process; some communities agreed to conversion but others were forced to convert)	Keane 2007: 152-153
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Keane 2007: 153-154; Vel 2005: 91

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	Absent (Replacement-level immigration did not occur – an immigrant culture was never present in the area, or was present but had a population size less than 10% of that of the indigenous culture.)	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 1-8
    Language shift	Low (The indigenous language remained the sole or primary means of communication for most of the indigenous population for the duration of the post-contact period.)
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 3-4

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Low (Principal and major means of subsistence have not changed from their indigenous states.)
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present but minor (At one time or another exports were part of the local economy, but were never a primary focus of economic activity for more than 10% of the population .)	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 5-10

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.)	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 5-7
    Air travel	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to an airport or airstrip.)	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: xx
    Sea port	Absent (At no time during the post-contact period did most members of the culture have access to a sea port.)	Agency 2009: 162; Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 5

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Geirnaert-Martin 1992: 3-4