Casiguran Dumagat

• Traditional Culture (1936)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	Evidence of influence (Evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief.)	Headland 1975
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: 2.21
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Vanoverbergh 1937
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Vanoverbergh 1938
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Headland 1975
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	930	Headland 1975

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	122	Headland 1975
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	16.3	Headland 1975

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Headland 1975

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Volcanic high island (an oceanic island of volcanic origin, e.g. Hawaii)	Yumul et al. 2009: 732-733
    Maximum elevation (meters)	2930	Luzon 2019
    Island Size (km²)	104688	Luzon 2019

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	1600	Headland 1975; Headland and Headland 1997
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Headland 1993: 5
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Headland 1993: 5
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Monogamy prescribed	Headland 1975
    Kinship system (if applicable)	Eskimo	Headland 1993: 5
    Estimated population of largest political community	100-999	Vanoverbergh 1938; Headland 1993: 6
    Political Authority	Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups)	Vanoverbergh 1937; Headland 1993: 6

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Low (Conflict seldom occurs, and is almost never violent.)	Vanoverbergh 1937
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Rare or never	Vanoverbergh 1938
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Occasional, at least every generation	Vanoverbergh 1938

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Subsistence and Economy

    Question	Response	Source
    Metalworking	Absent	Vanoverbergh 1937

    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Absent	Vanoverbergh 1937
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Major	Vanoverbergh 1937
    Land-based gathering	Medium	Vanoverbergh 1937
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Vanoverbergh 1937
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Minor (forms a relatively insignificant part of diet)	Vanoverbergh 1937

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Major	Vanoverbergh 1937
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Minor	Vanoverbergh 1937
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Major	Vanoverbergh 1937

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Principal	Vanoverbergh 1937

• Post Contact History (1936-2014)
  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Replacement-level immigration	High (Replacement-level immigration occurred. At one time or another during the post-contact period the immigrant culture had a population size more than 100% of that of the indigenous population.)	Headland 1993: 4
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Vanoverbergh 1938

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Changes in means of subsistence	Medium (Principal and major means of subsistence have changed from their indigenous states (e.g. through gain or loss of major and / or principal means of subsistence), but at least one of the major or principal means of subsistance has persisted.)	Headland 1993: 5
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)	Headland 1993: 5

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Vanoverbergh 1938