Ami

• Traditional Culture (1899)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, but culture is likely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: 2.21
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 117
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: 2.23
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 116
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	306.7	Calculator 2014; Blundell (eds.) 2000: 44, 182

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	121.4	2014; Lebar (eds.) 1975: 117
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	23.4	2014; Lebar (eds.) 1975: 117

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 116

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan)	Copper 2021
    Maximum elevation (meters)	3952	Ding et al. 2005: 300
    Island Size (km²)	32260	Ding et al. 2005: 300

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	30000	Alvarez 1927
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 119
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	Low (Patrilateral descent plays little or no role in determining social status and / or group membership.)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 119
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Monogamy prescribed	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 119
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Matrilocal or uxorilocal - with wife's kin	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 119
    Estimated population of largest political community	1,000-9,999	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 118, 120; Mabuchi 1971: 133
    Political Authority	Local (encompasses the local community and / or multiple sublocal groups)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 120-121

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	High (Conflict is frequent and often violent, but is not a pervasive aspect of daily life.)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 121
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 121; Mabuchi 1971: 133
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Frequent, occurring at least yearly	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 121

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Minor	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 118
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Absent	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 118
    Land-based gathering	Absent	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 118
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Medium	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 118
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Principal (more important than any other source of food)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 118

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Absent	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 118
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Medium	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 118
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 118

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Absent	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 118-119

• Post Contact History (1899-2014)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.)	Shiun-Wey 2003: 262-364
    Use of force in conversion	Low (most communities adopted the new religion either voluntarily or due to pressure from other communities of the same culture)	Shiun-Wey 2003: 262-266
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 117; Shiun-Wey 2003: 260
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from non-Austronesian societies (Resident foreign missionaries, at least one of whom was from a non-Austronesian society, played an important role in the conversion process.)	Shiun-Wey 2003: 263-264

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Copper 2021
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 117

    Economic Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Exportation of goods to other cultures	Present and substantial (At one time or another during the post-contact period, exports were a primary focus of economic activity for over 10% of the population.)

    Modern Infrastructure

    Question	Response	Source
    Vehicles and roads	Present and widely used (At one time or another during the post-contact period, motor vehicles were used by a substantial proportion of the population.)	Copper 2021
    Air travel	Present and long-distance (At one time or another, most members of the culture had access to international air travel.)	Copper 2021
    Sea port	Present (At one time or another during the post-contact period most members of the culture had access to a sea port.)	Copper 2021

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Lebar (eds.) 1975: 117