Alune

• Traditional Culture (1917)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Present: Clear evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Boulan-Smit 1998: 29
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, but culture is likely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21
    (Low) contact with other societies (SCCS v 787)	Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. (e.g. yearly or most years)	Boulan-Smit 1998: 29, 73
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence but in a region where contact is likely (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, but culture is known to have had (or is likely to have had) contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Boulan-Smit 1998: 29
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	0	Boulan-Smit 1998: 2
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	946	Calculator 2014; Collins 1983: 35

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	128.5	Boulan-Smit 1998: Map 1.2
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-3.1	Boulan-Smit 1998: Map 1.2

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	One	Boulan-Smit 1998

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Continental island (an island situated on a continental shelf, e.g. Taiwan)	Boulan-Smit 1998: 7
    Maximum elevation (meters)	3027	Boulan-Smit 1998: 8
    Island Size (km²)	17746	Boulan-Smit 1998: 7

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Boulan-Smit 1998: vi, 87
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Boulan-Smit 1998: vi, 4
    Estimated population of largest political community	100-999	Boulan-Smit 1998: 40, 72, 83, 170, 284
    Political Authority	Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups)	Boulan-Smit 1998: 10, 71-79, 137-149, 169, 174

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Common, at least every five years	Boulan-Smit 1998: 29-30, 44-45
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Common, at least every five years	Boulan-Smit 1998: 29-69

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Absent	Boulan-Smit 1998: 13-19
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Medium	Boulan-Smit 1998: 13-19
    Land-based gathering	Major	Boulan-Smit 1998: 13-119
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Principal	Boulan-Smit 1998: 13-19
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Major (one of the most important sources of food)	Boulan-Smit 1998: 13-19

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Minor	Boulan-Smit 1998: 18-19
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Medium	Boulan-Smit 1998: 13-19
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Boulan-Smit 1998: 13-19

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Absent	Boulan-Smit 1998: 13-19

• Post Contact History (1917-None)
  • Religious History
    Conversion

    Question	Response	Source
    Was a foreign religion adopted through a top-down (those high in the social hierarchy converted first, followed by the general population) or a bottom-up (the general population converted first, followed by those high in the social hierarchy) process?	Mixed / Neither (e.g. Both high-status individuals and the general population converted at the same time, or the religion was adopted through a mixture of top-down and bottom-up processes.)	Boulan-Smit 1998: 65-66
    Use of force in conversion	Medium (e.g force was threatened or implied during the conversion process; some communities agreed to conversion but others were forced to convert)	Boulan-Smit 1998: 65-66
    Adoption of a world religion	Present and predominant (At one time or another during the post-contact period, at least 75% of the indigenous population practiced a world religion.)	Boulan-Smit 1998: 8
    Resident missionary involvement in conversion process	Present, and from Austronesian societies only (Resident foreign missionaries played an important role in the conversion process, but these missionaries were from other Austronesian societies only.)	Boulan-Smit 1998: 65-66

    Syncretic Movements

    Question	Response	Source
    Syncretic religious movements	Absent	Boulan-Smit 1998: 65-66

  • Secular History
    Demographic and Social Changes

    Question	Response	Source
    Foreign education systems	High (At one time or another during the post-contact period over 75% of children received some at least a basic non-indigenous education.)	Boulan-Smit 1998: 66
    Foreign government systems	Present, and of high importance (At one time or another during the post-contact period the culture was subject to a foreign government system that controlled most important decisions.)	Boulan-Smit 1998: 40

    Loss of Autonomy

    Question	Response	Source
    Loss of autonomy during postcontact period	High (On at least one occasion during the post-contact period, the culture came under the political dominance of a foreign power, and this event resulted in considerable loss of autonomy.)	Boulan-Smit 1998: 40
    Nature of loss of autonomy – voluntary vs. forced	Largely involuntary (autonomy was lost largely as a result of external force)	Boulan-Smit 1998: 40