Manihiki-Rakahanga

• Traditional Culture (1848)
  • Isolation
    Isolation

    Question	Response	Source
    Pre-Austronesian population	Absent: No evidence of human occupation prior to Austronesian settlement	Bellwood 1995: 109
    Christian influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Christian influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Christian societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Buck 1932: 8
    Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Hindu / Buddhist influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Hindu or Buddhist societies at or prior to to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21
    Islamic influence on supernatural belief	No evidence of influence and not in region of known contact (No evidence of Islamic influence on supernatural belief, and culture is unlikely to have had contact with Islamic societies at or prior to the time focus in question.)	Cribb 2000: Map 2.21
    Distance to closest landmass inhabited by a different culture (km)	356	Calculator 2014
    Distance to nearest continent (km)	5102	Calculator 2014

  • Physical Environment
    Location

    Question	Response	Source
    Longitude of culture’s location (°)	-161	2014; 2014; Buck 1932: 4
    Latitude of culture’s location (°)	-10.4	2014; Buck 1932: 4

    Geographical Range of Culture

    Question	Response	Source
    Number of islands inhabited by culture	Two	Buck 1932: 4

    Features of Island with Largest Culture Population

    Question	Response	Source
    Island type (island with largest culture population or largest island if unknown)	Atoll (an oceanic low island of coral origin, e.g. Ulithi)	Buck 1932: 4
    Maximum elevation (meters)	3	Lawrence 1995: 14
    Island Size (km²)	5.4	Lawrence 1995: 14; Buck 1932: 4

  • Social Environment
    Social Environment

    Question	Response	Source
    Estimate of culture population size at relevant time focus	1200	McArthur 1967: 186-187
    Importance of Matrilateral descent (V.2)	Medium (Matrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, but is not the most important form of descent.)	Buck 1932: 29
    Importance of Patrilateral descent (V.2)	High (Patrilateral descent plays an important role in determining social status and / or group membership, and is more important than any other form of descent.)	Buck 1932: 29
    Polygamy (SCCS 861)	Limited polygyny (< 20% of married males)	Hays 1991: 172
    Marital residence (SCCS 69)	Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin	Hays 1991: 172
    Estimated population of largest political community	1,000-9,999	McArthur 1967: 186-187; Buck 1932: 60
    Political Authority	Supralocal (encompasses multiple local groups)	Buck 1932: 4, 43-65

    Conflict

    Question	Response	Source
    (No) conflict (social or political) within the local community (SCCS v 767)	Moderate (Conflict occurs frequently but is seldom violent, or is violent but occurs only occasionally.)	Buck 1932: 194
    (No) internal warfare (between communities of the same society) (SCCS v 773)	Rare or never	Buck 1932: 194
    (No) external warfare (with other societies) (SCCS v 774)	Rare or never	Buck 1932: 194

  • Subsistence and Economy
    Land-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Animal husbandry as a source of food	Absent	Buck 1932: 83-84
    Land-based hunting performed by individuals	Minor	Buck 1932: 83-84, 90
    Land-based gathering	Absent	Buck 1932: 83-97
    Land-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Absent	Buck 1932: 83-84
    Agriculture / Horticulture	Major (one of the most important sources of food)	Buck 1932: 83-84

    Water-based means of subsistence

    Question	Response	Source
    Water-based gathering	Major	Buck 1932: 90-91
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by one or more groups	Major	Buck 1932: 83, 158-163
    Fishing and water-based hunting performed by individuals	Major	Buck 1932: 83, 158-163

    Commercial Activity

    Question	Response	Source
    Trade / wage labour as a source of food	Absent	Buck 1932: 83-146