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Ungaunga (sorcerers) played a major role in maintaining social order.", "markup_description": null, "latitude": -8.6, "longitude": 146.6}, "name": "Mekeo"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [146.6, -8.6]}, "id": "mekeo"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {"color": "#fff08d"}, "id": "10158", "name": "1", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 7667, "valueset_pk": 7667, "domainelement_pk": 197, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": {"pk": 197, "jsondata": {"color": "#fff08d"}, "id": "84-1", "name": "1", "description": "Primarily a top-down process.", "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 66, "number": null, "abbr": null}, "valueset": {"pk": 7667, "jsondata": {}, "id": "mangaia-66", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 63, "parameter_pk": 66, "contribution_pk": 1, "source": null}}], "label": "1", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGRjA4RDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 63, "glottocode": "raro1241", "ethonyms": "", "jsondata": {"ethonyms": []}, "id": "mangaia", "name": "Mangaia", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -21.9, "longitude": -157.9}, "name": "Mangaia"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [202.1, -21.9]}, "id": "mangaia"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {"color": "#fff08d"}, "id": "6841", "name": "1", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 7670, "valueset_pk": 7670, "domainelement_pk": 197, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": {"pk": 197, "jsondata": {"color": "#fff08d"}, "id": "84-1", "name": "1", "description": "Primarily a top-down process.", "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 66, "number": null, "abbr": null}, "valueset": {"pk": 7670, "jsondata": {}, "id": "moriori-66", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 49, "parameter_pk": 66, "contribution_pk": 1, "source": null}}], "label": "1", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGRjA4RDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 49, "glottocode": "mori1267", "ethonyms": "Tchakat Henu", "jsondata": {"ethonyms": ["Tchakat Henu"]}, "id": "moriori", "name": "Moriori", "description": "The Moriori are the indigenous people (Tchakat Henu) of the Chatham Islands. Because of their harsh and isolated environment, in which agriculture was not possible, the Moriori developed a culture-based on hunting and gathering. Their society was egalitarian and peaceful, traits that are rare in most Polynesian cultures. Lethal violence was subject to a religious prohibition, and rarely or never occurred. In 1835 the Chatham Islands were conquered by M\u0101ori from mainland New Zealand. As a result of their harsh treatment at the hands of the invaders, the Moriori suffered catastrophic demographic and cultural decline. Today, around 1000 New Zealanders claim Moriori descent, but little remains of Moriori culture.", "markup_description": null, "latitude": -43.8, "longitude": -176.5}, "name": "Moriori"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [183.5, -43.8]}, "id": "moriori"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {"color": "#fff08d"}, "id": "350", "name": "1", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 7672, "valueset_pk": 7672, "domainelement_pk": 197, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": {"pk": 197, "jsondata": {"color": "#fff08d"}, "id": "84-1", "name": "1", "description": "Primarily a top-down process.", "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 66, "number": null, "abbr": null}, "valueset": {"pk": 7672, "jsondata": {}, "id": "hawaiians-66", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 135, "parameter_pk": 66, "contribution_pk": 1, "source": null}}], "label": "1", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGRjA4RDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 135, "glottocode": "hawa1245", "ethonyms": "Maoli", "jsondata": {"ethonyms": ["Maoli"]}, "id": "hawaiians", "name": "Hawaiians", "description": "The Hawaiian Islands represent one of the most remote outposts of Polynesian culture. Pre-contact Hawaiian polities were highly complex, and have been labelled 'archaic states'. The Hawaiians worshipped many supernatural agents, of whom the principal deities were Kanaloa, Kane, Ku, and Lono.", "markup_description": null, "latitude": 19.6, "longitude": -155.5}, "name": "Hawaiians"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [204.5, 19.6]}, "id": "hawaiians"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {"color": "#fff08d"}, "id": "4645", "name": "1", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 7673, "valueset_pk": 7673, "domainelement_pk": 197, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": {"pk": 197, "jsondata": {"color": "#fff08d"}, "id": "84-1", "name": "1", "description": "Primarily a top-down process.", "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 66, "number": null, "abbr": null}, "valueset": {"pk": 7673, "jsondata": {}, "id": "fijians-66", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 121, "parameter_pk": 66, "contribution_pk": 1, "source": null}}], "label": "1", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGRjA4RDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 121, "glottocode": "west2519", "ethonyms": "I-Taukei", "jsondata": {"ethonyms": ["I-Taukei"]}, "id": "fijians", "name": "Fijians", "description": "The modern state of Fiji includes the Fiji Islands as well as the remote island of Rotuma. In keeping with how the earliest ethnographic sources use the term, we consider 'Fijians' to include all the indigenous peoples of the Fiji Islands, but not Rotumans, who have been coded separately.", "markup_description": null, "latitude": -17.8, "longitude": 178.0}, "name": "Fijians"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [178.0, -17.8]}, "id": "fijians"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {"color": "#fff08d"}, "id": "8828", "name": "1", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 7674, "valueset_pk": 7674, "domainelement_pk": 197, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": {"pk": 197, "jsondata": {"color": "#fff08d"}, "id": "84-1", "name": "1", "description": "Primarily a top-down process.", "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 66, "number": null, "abbr": null}, "valueset": {"pk": 7674, "jsondata": {}, "id": "ajie-66", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 105, "parameter_pk": 66, "contribution_pk": 1, "source": null}}], "label": "1", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGRjA4RDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 105, "glottocode": "ajie1238", "ethonyms": "Canaque; Kanak; Houailou", "jsondata": {"ethonyms": ["Canaque", "Kanak", "Houailou"]}, "id": "ajie", "name": "Ajie", "description": "The indigenous people of New Caledonia lacked an ethnonym for themselves prior to European contact. They are known today as Canaques or Kanaks, an exonym derived from the Hawaiian 'kanaka'. Although they speak over 30 languages, the Kanak people share a similar culture. The Ajie-speaking Kanaks of the Houailou Valley were described in detail by the French missionary / ethnographer Maurice Leenhardt, who oversaw their conversion to Christianity in the early twentieth century.", "markup_description": null, "latitude": -21.3, "longitude": 165.6}, "name": "Ajie"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [165.6, -21.3]}, "id": "ajie"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {"color": "#fff08d"}, "id": "15583", "name": "1", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 7676, "valueset_pk": 7676, "domainelement_pk": 197, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": {"pk": 197, "jsondata": {"color": "#fff08d"}, "id": "84-1", "name": "1", "description": "Primarily a top-down process.", "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 66, "number": null, "abbr": null}, "valueset": {"pk": 7676, "jsondata": {}, "id": "kosrae-66", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 102, "parameter_pk": 66, "contribution_pk": 1, "source": null}}], "label": "1", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGRjA4RDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 102, "glottocode": "kosr1238", "ethonyms": "", "jsondata": {"ethonyms": []}, "id": "kosrae", "name": "Kosrae", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 5.3, "longitude": 163.0}, "name": "Kosrae"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [163.0, 5.3]}, "id": "kosrae"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {"color": "#fff08d"}, "id": "11607", "name": "1", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 7681, "valueset_pk": 7681, "domainelement_pk": 197, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": {"pk": 197, "jsondata": {"color": "#fff08d"}, "id": "84-1", "name": "1", "description": "Primarily a top-down process.", "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 66, "number": null, "abbr": null}, "valueset": {"pk": 7681, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cheke-holo-66", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 36, "parameter_pk": 66, "contribution_pk": 1, "source": null}}], "label": "1", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGRjA4RDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 36, "glottocode": "chek1238", "ethonyms": "Hongrano; Maringe", "jsondata": {"ethonyms": ["Hongrano", "Maringe"]}, "id": "cheke-holo", "name": "Cheke Holo", "description": "The Cheke Holo people inhabit the central portion of the island of Santa Isabel in the Solomon Islands. In pre-Christian times, they built megalithic shrines in honour of deceased chiefs. Between 1860 and 1899, they suffered greatly at the hands of raiders and headhunters from other parts of Santa Isabel and from other islands further to the west. As a result, most either fled to remote inland areas of the island or to Bughotu in the far south, where they came into contact with Anglican missionaries. Most converted to Christianity in the early twentieth century.", "markup_description": null, "latitude": -8.3, "longitude": 159.6}, "name": "Cheke Holo"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [159.6, -8.3]}, "id": "cheke-holo"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {"color": "#fff08d"}, "id": "16753", "name": "1", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 7686, "valueset_pk": 7686, "domainelement_pk": 197, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": {"pk": 197, "jsondata": {"color": "#fff08d"}, "id": "84-1", "name": "1", "description": "Primarily a top-down process.", "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 66, "number": null, "abbr": null}, "valueset": {"pk": 7686, "jsondata": {}, "id": "bughotu-66", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 106, "parameter_pk": 66, "contribution_pk": 1, "source": null}}], "label": "1", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGRjA4RDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 106, "glottocode": "bugh1239", "ethonyms": "", "jsondata": {"ethonyms": []}, "id": "bughotu", "name": "Bughotu", "description": "Bughotu is the name given to the southern tip of Santa Isabel Island, as well as the language spoken there. In the second half of the nineteenth century the people of Bugotu were both perpetrators and victims of large-scale headhunting raids.", "markup_description": null, "latitude": -8.5, "longitude": 159.8}, "name": "Bughotu"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [159.8, -8.5]}, "id": "bughotu"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {"color": "#fff08d"}, "id": "2582", "name": "1", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 7687, "valueset_pk": 7687, "domainelement_pk": 197, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": {"pk": 197, "jsondata": {"color": "#fff08d"}, "id": "84-1", "name": "1", "description": "Primarily a top-down process.", "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 66, "number": null, "abbr": null}, "valueset": {"pk": 7687, "jsondata": {}, "id": "rarotonga-66", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 16, "parameter_pk": 66, "contribution_pk": 1, "source": null}}], "label": "1", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGRjA4RDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 16, "glottocode": "raro1241", "ethonyms": "", "jsondata": {"ethonyms": []}, "id": "rarotonga", "name": "Rarotonga", "description": "Rarotonga is a high island in the southern Cook Islands. The islanders converted to Christianity in the 1820s and 1830s, and information on the indigenous religion is fragmentary. We do know that the Rarotongans worshipped some of the great Pan-Polynesian gods such as Rongo and Tangaroa, as well as more local deities such as the deified founding ancestor Tangiia. These gods were represented by enormous wooden images, which were destroyed during the conversion process.", "markup_description": null, "latitude": -21.2, "longitude": -159.8}, "name": "Rarotonga"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [200.2, -21.2]}, "id": "rarotonga"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {"color": "#fff08d"}, "id": "9528", "name": "1", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 7689, "valueset_pk": 7689, "domainelement_pk": 197, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": {"pk": 197, "jsondata": {"color": "#fff08d"}, "id": "84-1", "name": "1", "description": "Primarily a top-down process.", "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 66, "number": null, "abbr": null}, "valueset": {"pk": 7689, "jsondata": {}, "id": "roti-66", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 85, "parameter_pk": 66, "contribution_pk": 1, "source": null}}], "label": "1", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGRjA4RDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 85, "glottocode": "term1237", "ethonyms": "Atahori Rote; Hataholi Lote; Rote; Rotinese", "jsondata": {"ethonyms": ["Atahori Rote", "Hataholi Lote", "Rote", "Rotinese"]}, "id": "roti", "name": "Roti", "description": "Like its neighbour Savu, Roti is dry and not very fertile. Historically, the islanders subsisted primarily upon the sap of the lontar palm, which grows abundantly on the island. The indigenous Rotinese religion involved two classes of spirits: spirits of the inside (benevolent ancestral spirits), and spirits of the outside (malevolent spirits of unknown origin). 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It is one of the 'Polynesian outliers', in that its people are clearly Polynesian, but live outside the area usually defined as Polynesia. Tikopia is noted for being the subject of detailed ethnographic study by the New Zealand anthropologist Raymond Firth, and for having maintained its indigenous religion well into the twentieth century. 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